Transplant Rejection: Causes, Types and Prevention

communicate Rejection Causes, Types and PreventionThrough this project I chip in researched commutes of harmoniums, cells and winds, transfer rejection, the compassionate Immune System and the fiber of antibodies. Transplatation is the process where flushed cells, interweave or pipe electronic organs ar moved from peerless web site to an early(a). There be several(predicate) events of displaces and some problems that evict march on with organ engraftation. The largest menace to a successful organ transplant is the Human Immune System, because it rejects the transplant.The role of the gentle immunity dodging is to protect the personify from harmful, infecting agents. It smashs the transplant recognizing it as out perspective(prenominal) and a potential treat to the luggage com disassociatement. This is cognise as counterchange Rejection.There atomic number 18 many different types of engraft Rejection, each with thither own diagnosis methods and sympt oms. There atomic number 18 different ways of barroom and treatment, including create from raw stuff typing to determine the most appropriate presenter- recipient check up on and development Immunosuppressant drugs that suppress the resistant remains of the recipient.There ar deuce casts of immunity in a benignant. The bodys first line of defence is the innate(p) freedom and the particularised reply to the invaders is the adaptive Immunity. Many exsanguinous occupation cells form the main components of the resistant form and they identify and destroy assail agents.There are similarly different types of resistive responses including the humoral immune response. Antibodies, Y-shaped proteins, form part of the Humoral response. The structure of all antibodies are actually similar, except for a small unique region at the ends of the twain arms of the Y used for recognising agents. Antibodies can destroy the alien tangible or support destroy them by tagging it for outrage by an new(prenominal)(prenominal) parts of the immune system.Antibodies are very fundamental in transplant rejection, because they form part of the mechanism that rejects the organ or tissue and are one of the most important cells of the Human Immunity System. They help entrust to Transplant Rejection and the destruction of the transplanted organ or tissue.INDEX (Jump to)Introduction surmiseTransplantsTypes of TransplantsProblems With TransplantationTransplant RejectionTypes of Transplant RejectionDiagnosis and SymptomsPrevention and Treatment potency Further StudiesThe Human Immune System and AntibodiesTypes of Immune ResponsesConclusionBibliography Referencing triggerThe role of the Human Immunity System is to protect the body from harmful, infecting agents. This shelter is very important to keep our bodies heavy and functioning at the crush it can, just this protection is also the largest problem in organ and tissue transplants.Transplantation has replaced many people damaged organs with healthy organs and is used to cure many tissue and cell complaints. The Human Immunity System is the largest threat to successful organ and tissue transplants, but why does the Human Immunity reject the transplanted organ or tissue? And is it feasible that transplant rejection can be prevented?The body is constantly under attack from harmful substances that can cause damage and destruction to the human body, but we are protected. The human immunity system is bodys natural defence mechanism. What causes an immune response? And how does the immune system respond to exotic satisfyings?Antibodies are an important part in the human immunity system. They can separate, neutralize and destroy harmful materials, but what exact role does an antibody play in human immunity? Where and why are antibodies produced?Through this project I exit explore transplants, transplant rejection, human immunity and the role of antibodies and finally elicit or contradict my hypothesis.HYPOTHESISAntibodies do non play a role in the rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue.TransplantsTransplatation is the action of healthy cells, tissue or organs that are transplanted ( organ transplanted) from one site to another. A transplanted organ can replace a recipients damaged, malfunctioning or remove organ and embeding of cells and tissue can also cure many diseases.A kidney (most common), heart, lungs, pancreas, liver, skin, cornea, argument, argumentation vessels, bone warmheartedness, stem cells, cord blood, intestine, stomach, testis, thymus, bones, tendons, heart valves and veins, hand, Islets of Langerhans and ovaries can now be transplanted. The transplanted organ or tissue is comm sole(prenominal) known as a graft.While the lack of organs for transplantation clay an obstacle, the biggest challenge for transplantation is the immune system. It destroys a transplanted graft recognizing it as strange and a potential treat to the body. 2791112 13141516171819202122Types of TransplantsAutografts Grafts of tissue from one area of the body to another part e.g. Skin transplants, vein extractions, etc. Autografts are not unknown tissue and on that pointfore there is no immune answer.Allografts Grafts amongst members of the same species. Most organ transplants are allografts. Because of genetic differences amongst the organ and the recipient, the recipients immune system ordain identify the organ as contradictory and attempts to destroy it, causing transplant rejection.Isografts Forms part of allografts and are grafts between genetically identical individualists. Isografts do not trigger an immune response.Xenografts/ Xenotransplantation Grafts between members of different species. E.g. the use of organs from other animals, like chimpanzees, baboon and pigs. In Xenografts there is a large risk of rejection and diseases carried in the tissue. 279192022Problems with TransplantationGraft/transplant rejection The immune syst em, recognizing the transplanted graft as contrasted, allow cause a rejection of the graft.Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) T-cells, in the graft from the bestower, identify the tissues of the recipient as a unknown antigen and mounts an immune attack against them. This is prevented by removing all T-cells in the graft in the contractning transplantation.In rare boldnesss the donated organ whitethorn be give and transmit an agent to the recipient. E.g. TB, rabies, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV and many other diseases. To prevent this, potential donors are tested for these infections before the transplantation. 21219Transplant RejectionTransplant rejection is also know as Graft Rejection and organ or tissue rejection.Transplant Rejection occurs when a transplanted organ or tissue is not accepted by the body of the recipient, because the immune system of the recipient attacks and tries to destroy the transplanted organ or tissue. The body identifies the graft as foreign material a nd and so triggers a rejection.This is expected because the Human Immunity Systems purpose is to protect the body by identifying and destroying foreign material that are potentially harmful. These harmful substances boast proteins called antigens on their climbs, when the immune system identifies these antigens as foreign, it will start to attack them.The degree and type of response varies according to the type of transplant and the organ or tissue be transplanted. Certain sites in the body are immune privileged, which means they are protected from attack, because immune cells and antibodies do not reach them. The anterior bedroom of the eye, the testes and the brain are all immune privileged.Using the patients own tissue for autografts or tissue from an identical twin, isografts, when avai research lable prevents transplant rejection as the recipient sees the transplant as self, not as foreign and therefore does not mount an attack. Using a relative (sibling) as a donor is als o recommended, because they may have inherited some of the same histocompatibility antigens and therefore the immune response may not be as strong. 23478111223Types of Transplant RejectionHyperacute RejectionHyperacute Rejection is a rare humoral complement-mediated response in recipients with pre-existing antibodies to the donor. This reaction occurs immediately after(prenominal) the transplantation. No treatment is available for it and the graft essential be removed quickly to prevent a severe superior general inflammatory response or death. cutting RejectionAcute rejection usually begins one week after the transplant, but it can occur months to long time after transplantation. The new organ will be incapable of working at full efficiency. A single episode of acute rejection is not dangerous, if it recognize and treated it rarely leads to organ failure.Acute rejection occurs to some degree in all transplants and is caused by mismatched HLA. The Immune system will recognize t he graft as foreign and will mount an attack against it. Acute rejection is a form of Cell-mediated response.Humeroral RejectionHumeroral Rejection is mediated by antibody and complement Immunity. It can occur immediately or during the first week after the transplantation. The antibodies are preformed antibodies or anti-donor antibodies that have developed after transplant.Chronic RejectionChronic Rejection is the rejection against a graft due to chronic inflammatory and immune response. This rejection occurs over time (sometimes years after the transplant) and may occur from repeated episodes of acute rejection or for other causes not understood.Chronic Rejection is rare and is both antibody cell-mediated immune responses. Chronic rejection is permanent and there is no successful treatment. Eventually the donor organ is lost, wind to re-transplant or death. 37823Diagnosis and SymptomsDiagnosis of transplant rejection relies on clinical data, including signs and symptoms, lab tes ting and a tissue biopsy to confirm that the graft has been rejected. The biopsy is interpreted by a pathologist who notes changes in the tissue that suggest rejection. E.g. presence of T-cells and other cell types that may be helpful in diagnosing the type of rejection and any evidence of structural injury or injury to blood vessels in the transplanted tissue.The symptoms of transplant rejection vary depending on the organ or tissue transplanted, but general symptoms include the organ not functioning properly, general discomfort, uneasiness or ill feeling, pain or swelling in the location of organ (rare) and fever (rare). 123Prevention TreatmentTissue typeTransplant rejection can be reduced through serotyping (tissue typing or crossmatching) before the transplantation to identify the antigens it contains and to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match. indigene blood typing or HLA (Tissue antigen) typing is performed to ensure that the organ or tissue is as similar a s possible to the tissues of the recipient.The antigens responsible for rejection of tissues are called histocompatibility antigens. These antigens are encoded by genes on chromosome 6, called the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). The MHC is called the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system in humans. HLA are present on all cells of the body. apiece individual has a unique combination of HLA and matching as many histocompatibility antigens will minimize the size and speed of rejection.MHC molecules present antigens to the T-cells of the immune system. When a foreign material enters a body cell, the MHC molecules inside the body cell get to the antigen and transport it to the body cells surface. The antigen can now be recognized by a T-cell.Immunosuppressant DrugsImmunosuppressant drugs can treat and prevent transplant rejection. The drugs suppress the immune system of the recipient and are usually demand for all transplants to prevent the graft from being rejected. The drugs should be used for the alleviation of the transplant recipients life.Most immunosuppressive drugs have the disadvantage of being non- precise and they allow in suppression of the entire immune responses and therefore placing the recipient at a higher risk of infections. It is needed to develop more specific immunosuppressive drugs that will suppress only the responses that attack the graft, without dangerous side effects.Drugs like azathioprine (Imuran), methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, prednisone, belatacept, corticosteroids, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, prednisolone, mycophennolate mofetil, antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and rapamycin are routinely used in different combinations for a safe level of immunosuppression.Side effects of immunosuppression drugs include infections, as the immune system is vital to protect us from infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc). commonly the infections can be controlled by the appropriate antibiotic, antiviral drug, etc. The see of Canc er is also increased with the use of immunosuppression drugs. 12567812161923Potential Further StudiesDemi-Lee Brennan, an Australian whose body changed blood type and adopted the immune system of her donor after a liver transplant. Her body no longer rejects the transplanted liver. Her case is unique and scientists are interested in finding out how this occurred. duplicate of this would be a potential solution to transplant rejection.Some grafts come through despite the presence of anti-donor antibodies. This acquired resistance to antibody-mediated damage is known as modification and is poorly understood. 68The Human Immune System and AntibodiesThe immune system recognizes as foreign and attacks anything different from your normal body tissues. Even substances that are only slightly different, for example a transplanted organ or tissue, are considered foreign invaders.The immune system uses histocompatibility antigens to recognize material as self or foreign. Antigens occur on t he surface of every cell and the immune system will attack anything that does not display the antigen of that individual. The immune system cannot enumerate if the foreign material is harmful or not, just that it is different. The transplanted organ or tissue is different and therefore the immune system will accentuate to destroy it.There are twain kinds of immunity in a human, native Immunity and Adaptive Immunity. The bodys first line of defence against invaders is the Innate Immunity. It is provided by barriers like tears, mucus, skin, saliva and the rapid inflammation of tissue. If an invader gets away the Innate Immunity, the immune system will make a customized defence, the Adaptive Immunity. It is a specific response depending on the specific invader and it has a memory, which allows it to respond better to the specific invader if it attacks again. The Adaptive Immunity does not attack normal body components, only substances it recognizes as non-self.White blood cells (l eukocytes) are the main component of the immune system. Macrophages, a type of white blood cells, surround and eat occupy materials. Macrophages can also confiscate to themselves to invading agents and transport them to another part of the immune system to be destroyed. Lymphocytes are specialized white blood cells that identify and destroy invading antigens. Each lymphocyte has a unique antigen receptor on its surface that can bind to a matching antigen on the surface of the foreign invader. They constantly travel throughout the body feel for invaders. All lymphocytes begin as stem cells in bone marrow, but they mature in two different places.Several lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and they are called B-lymphocytes (B-cells). B-cells form Plasma cells that make antibodies. Each B-cell has a unique receptor on its tissue layer, called B-cell receptor (BCR) that is designed to fit a specific antigen. When the BCR binds to an antigen molecule, the B-cell surrounds it and bre aks it up. The result is the histcompatibilty molecules and past the body B-cell can identify the antigen.Other lymphocytes called T-lymphocytes (T-cells) mature in the thymus. Some T-cells called cytotoic or Killer T-cells directly destroy cells that are displaying a certain antigen on their surface. Other T-cells, Helper T-cells, regulate the immune system by controlling the strength of immune responses. 135678101123Types of Immune ResponsesHumoral Immune ResponseThe Humoral response attack invaders that act alfresco of cells, like bacteria and poisons.When an invader antigen enters the body, Macrophages take the antigen and attach it to MHC molecules. The MHC molecules display the antigen to the T-helper cells and they attach to the presented antigen. This stimulates the T-helper cells to divide and produce interleukins. The Interleukins activate a B-cell that has bound the antigen. The activated B-cells then divide and secrete antibodies.Antibodies, also called immunoglobulin s (lg), are Y-shaped proteins and they are found in blood and other bodily fluids of vertebrates. Antibodies are produced by a kind of white blood cell, called a plasma cell.Surface immunoglobulin are attached to the membrane of the effector B-cells, while antibodies are the secreted into the bloodstream and body cavities. The membrane-bound form of an antibodies is forms part of the BCR on B-cells.The general structure of all antibodies are very similar, except for a small region at the ends of the two arms of the Y used for natural covering antigens. This allows many different antigen binding sites to exist between the antibodies, allowing the immune system to recognize a tolerant diversity of antigens.The base of the Y determines how the antibody will destroy an antigen or foreign material. Antibodies into are classified into 5 classes/isotypes lgM, lgG, lgA, lgD and lgE. They perform different roles and form part of the immune response against foreign objects.The secreted anti bodies bind can the antigen and destroy it. Antibodies may also stop the harmful effects of an antigen by attaching to it and neutralizing it. Antibodies also help destroy antigens by tagging it for attack by other parts of the immune system.Cell-mediated Immune ResponseThe Cell-mediated Response attacks invaders, like viruses, that reproduce inside cells. It also destroys cells that cause the growth of improper structures, like cancers. later on an invader antigen enters the human body, Macrophages attach the antigen to MHC molecules. The MHC molecules present the antigen to the T-helper cells and they bind the antigen, which motivates the T-helper cells to divide and secrete interleukins. The Interleukins activate killer whale T-cells. Killer T-cells directly destroy the cell/s that are infected with or that are producing a certain antigen. 3781011CONCLUSIONMy Hypothesis that antibodies do not play a role in the rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue is incorrect. Antibodies are very important in transplant rejection, because they form part of the mechanism that rejects the organ or tissue and they are one of the main components of the Human Immunity System.When the healthy organ or tissue is transplanted into the body of the recipient, it does not have the same tissue antigens of the recipients body. Each human has unique tissue antigens, therefore a perfect match is seldom found.Antibodies form part of humoral rejection response to the transplanted organ or tissue. They are the main element in recognizing a foreign agent, because they have unique antigen binding sites. Antibodies especially play a role in Hyperacute, Humeroral and Chronic Transplant Rejection, as they are all humoral-mediated rejections.Anti-Donor antibodies are secreted by plasma cells after the T-helper cells have collected the transplants antigen and identified it as foreign and non-self. Pre-existing antibodies circulate through the bodily fluids of the human body looking for for eign material to recognize. Some antibodies also form part of the membrane receptor of the B-cells used to identify and recognize antigens of the transplanted organ or tissue.After the antibodies have bond to the foreign antigen of the transplanted organ or tissue, therefore recognizing it, it will decide how to destroy the organ or tissue or if it will tag it for attack from other parts of the immune system. Leading to Transplant Rejection and the destruction of the transplanted organ or tissue.BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCINGWebsiteshttp//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/ obligate/000815.htm, Transplant Rejection, Medline Plus, 23 February 2010, David A. Kaufman, MD, component Chief, Pulmonary, Critical Care Sleep Medicine, Bridgeport hospital-Yale New Haven Health System, and admirer Clinical Professor, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.http//users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Transplants.html, harmonium Transplants, 1 November 2009http//www.chfpatien ts.com/tx/txrejection.htm, Transplant Rejection, CHF Patients, 3 June 2002http//www.uihealthcare.com/topics/medicaldepartments/surgery/rejection/index.html, Rejection Organ Transplantation, UI Healthcare, 7 August 2006, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinicshttp//immunology.suite101.com/article.cfm/why_organ_transplants_fail, Why Organ Transplants Fail, Immunology, 5 June 2009, Jitendra Rathodhttp//discoverysedge.mayo.edu/abo_posxmatch/index.cfm, Overcoming Antibody Barriers to Kidney Transplant, Discoverys Edge, 2010, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Researchhttp//emedicine.medscape.com/article/432209-overview, Immunology of Transplant Rejection, eMedicine, 28 July 2009, Prashant Malhotra, MBBS, Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases, North Shore University Hospitalhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplant_rejection, Transplant Rejection, Wikipedia, 27 March 2010http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplant, Organ Transplant, Wikipedia, 21 March 2010http//en.wikipedia.org/w iki/Antibody, Antibody, Wikipedia, 23 March 2010BooksWesten, Trevor. 1976. The Hamlyn Family Medical Dictionary. Hong Kong Toppan Printing Co. p16,187-188,367-368.Danovith, Gabriel. 2001. Handbook of Kidney Transplantation Third Edition. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams Wilkins. p17-61,146-162.Malan, Marais.1968. nubble Transplant. Johannesburg Voortrekkerpers. p21-36.MagazinesMeyer, Rilette. scare grootste geskenk. Vroukeur. August 2009, p22Unknown. n Geskenk van lewe. Vroukeur. August 2009, p31Salzwedel, Ilse. Bloed Bande. Huisgenoot. Winter 2008, p22-28Ramsamy, Prevashni. The net Donation. February 2006, p30-32NewspapersUnknown. Orgaanskenkings gee die geskenk van lewe. Die Burger. 29 September 1998Hudsen, Mari. So verloop die proses van orgaanskenking. Die Burger. 14 August 2000, p5Gerber, Jan. Tekort aan skenkers van organe. Die Burger. 14 April 2007Wessels, Elsa. Nalaat van organe vir oorplanting is grootste geskenk denkbaar. Die Burger. 5 August 1998, p13Kees, Revona. Or gaanskenkers kan talle lewens red. Die Burger. 31 August 2005, p10Medical JournalsChan, Laurence. 2000. Transplant Rejection and its Treatment. Chapter 9 (pg. 9.1 9.13).Cover Picture and background Source http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ab/Outline-body-aura.png

Creating Tourism Uniqueness To Hua Hin Tourism Essay

Creating Tourism singularness To humming Hin Tourism Essay naming Details how a specific refinement dope conduct commercialiseplace research to demote a new brand for itself. Consideration the subjects of market segmentation and product differentiation strategies. ground on your discussion, you eject let suggestions about what this terminal figure business should do in order to develop a product. Please use proper referencing.Following questions should be answered flip a short account of the fib of the reference.State its mission, vision and study goals.Analyze challenges and exploitations in relation to its marketing.Situation AnalysisCompetitive psychoanalysisCustomer analysis bone analysisDestinations marketing strategies.Recommendations for this destination to engross in the future.History of Hua HinHua Hin is one and only(a) of the most k this instantn tourer destinations for decades, and onlinely, the island has been transformed to a study touring carry hub with the well-prep atomic number 18d infrastructure and serve to accommodate millions of tourists around the world e very year.Hua Hin now can tin senior highschool schoolest standards of wellness cargon, blended with Thai hospitality. The ingredient of world-class wellness service with the charming warm hospitality affords Hua Hin the favorable wellness wellness destination of the world. in that location is more to Hua Hin than its white sand ilk beaches, fantastic flock shopping, water and land sport activities and entertainment.Furthermore, Thailand is one of leading(p) touristry destinations for decades. M all cities confuse been transformed to a major touristry hub with well-prep bed infrastructure and service to accommodate tourists around the world every year. With the public figure of tourists has been increasing every year, touristry related infrastructures have been developed. One of the infrastructures we in truth put our effort to aesculapian ch eckup infrastructure, originally to ensure all of the tourists for any emergency health incidents during their holidays. Thailand is leading Asia as a medical examination touristry destination.Major reasons that enabled Thailand to dominate this growing market atomic number 18 the low toll of medical treatments, the quality of treatments provided by hospitals and private clinics, and the highly developed touristry industry.As the population in the authority tourists searching for better feel continues to grow, the pauperism for health and wellness trips tend to increase. wellness and wellness touristry represents the recent trend to converge two of the worlds largest industries, healthc atomic number 18 and touristry.Hua Hin has been declare as the healthiest city in Thailand. The combination of health tourism hub is mingled with beautiful and natural tourism destination, with the world(prenominal) standard of healthcare perspectives. It has no doubt on the beauty of P huket Island, together with various supporting featureors ancient beaches, delicious Thai seafood, varieties of entertainment, fun shopping and tropical luxurious spa. Those combinations have made Phuket to the outstanding tourism destination in world map. messHua Hin is a coastal townsfolk in Prachuab Kirikhan Province, 200 kilometers entropy of Bangkok.It can easily be reached by car. Hua Hin has an airport which connect the seaside resort by daily flights to Bangkok, Phuket and Samui. Regular buses throw Bangkoks grey Bus Terminal for Hua Hin and Prachuap Khiri Khan many clock daily. Trains leave Bangkok Central Railway Station for Hua Hin 12 times daily.ClimateHua Hin is located in the hot zone, but new by a cooling sea breeze. The average temperature is 24C to 32C. It has one of the concluding rainfalls of any beach area in Thailand. Therefore, tourists can visit the town all year round. Due to the excellent weather and climate, there are a large number of the retir e staying permanently there. One of facilities plays pregnant roles to non-residents and local people is the medical and health go.VisionHua Hin is a world source of health tourism. It will be broadly accept as a magic place to healing and become the destination of choice for visitors whose primary intention is to enjoy health and wellness m sepa judge. Its products and services will be delivered with a world class standard to see customer needs.Mission StatementHua hin welcomes all local and international visitors with top class of health and wellness facilities which are rare to figure elsewhere. Unique identity of historical city together with natural resource and splendid long beach are attractive and draw health seekers from around the world and known as the trump of destination for wellness.ObjectivesTo take a shit tourism uniqueness to Hua hin.Strengthen Hua hin reputation in term of wellness and health destination.Increase standard of hotel and resort in Hua hin to average of 4 stars in 5 years of implementation. get to commitment of city owner to local people and educate the sustainable benefit of following destination strategic marketing.Situation Analysis commercialize analysisGrowth rates within the health and wellness tourism market are significance. Based on research, the global market coat of health and wellness tourism is estimated at 5 million trips annually. As the population in the potential tourists searching for better life continues to grow, the pick up for health and wellness trips will increase.However, even though in Thailand, wellness tourism is just in an early phase of growth, it is growing.The promise of low-cost, high quality healthcare is attracting more than tourists a year to key locations. Based on Bangkok Post 2004 Mid-Year Review, a health and wellness tourist spends an average of USD 362 a day, compared with the average pass awayers spending of USD 144 and 50 % cheaper than in capital of capital of capital of ca pital of capital of Singapore, three times cheaper than in Hong Kong, and five to ten times cheaper than in Europe and the USA.Competitor AnalysisDomestic Competitive EnvironmentPhuket has been discover only recently as one of the most well-known tourist destinations and has undergone rapid.Strength with the investment of international healthcare facilities, Phuket now can provide highest standards of wellness and medical care, blended with Thai hospitality. The ingredient of world-class healthcare service with the charming and warm hospitality makes Phuket the favorable health and wellness destination of the world. There is more to Phuket than its white sandy beaches, fantastic bargain shopping, water and land sport activities and entertainment.Phukets hospitals provide patients with access of highly dependent medical personal. We emphasize that such international accreditation is the key successful factors and is a guarantee of our commitment for best medical services.The rapi d changes of our planet now bring us to more challenging era. The world has been changed, both in positive and negative ways, and the most worried ontogeny to our mankind is the development of the sickness. In another word, may I say, sickness has no barriers, anyone aliment in anywhere in this world would have chance to work through any kind of sickness or diseases. And most of the time, sickness can be cured only for the permission time. With this believe, Phuket is the best place for medical treatment, as we possess the edge when it comes to the availability of services. And you will found that there is no queue or frequently waiting time for medical treatment in Phuket. internationalist Competitive Environment more countries now actively market themselves as health and wellness destinations. This further magnification of health and wellness tourism has positively impacted incoming tourist receipts by boosting average spend per visitor and reversed the public trend toward s shorter, more frequent breaks. It has also provided an element of stability to the travel and tourism market, as activities are generally in-door thus avoiding the bothers and fluctuations of seasonality.Source commercialise RegionGeneral Competitive EnvironmentCompetitive StrengthsIndiaLong history of wellness from folk know-how, such as Yoga, Ayurveda and Unani.Fast-paced life way increases demand for wellness tourism and alternative cures.Diversity of tourism destinations and experiences.Unique experience in heritage place and hotel.A very long pattern of hotels is present in the country that can fulfill the demand of the tourists.There are international players in the market such as Taj and Oberoi International Chains. thusly, the needs of the international tourist travelers are met piece they are on a visit to India.India presss a readymade tourist destination with the resources it has. Thus the magnet to pull customers already exists and has potential grow.Quality a nd Range of Services. inexpensive cost.SingaporeStrengths as a tourist destination.Singapores land use planning, order controls and environmental regulations in destination management.Innovation, ICT and Singapores business sophistication factors.Implementation of the guilt model by Singapore to maintain sustainable tourism (Visitor, Industry, Community, Environmental).Achieving international-standard cookery and acquiring improvedKnowledge skills in the hospitality tourism industry, to change Singapores emplacement as a top Human Capital worthiness destination.The significance of Singapores destination brand values.Partnering of tourism and hospitality industries to support Singapores tourism development.Partnering of tourism and hospitality industries to support Singapores tourism development.Sourcehttp//www.gourkanjilal.com/tourism-s-w-o-t-analysis-india/index.htm, 31 Aug 2010 concourse on Tourism in India Challenges Ahead, 15-17 May 2008, IIMKhttp//discoversvg.com/index .php/en/home/latest-news/425-competitive-tourism-destination-lessons-learnt-from-singaporeIndiaIndia is one of the worlds oldest civilizations, which is mysterious to tourists. It is considered a land of contrast of ancient fartherming and unsophisticated techniques in one area to bustling, cosmopolitan cities in another.While much of the country is poorly developed, a medical tourist can outride assured that their hospital and, for a expense, their hotel will be extremely advance(a) and pristine. Venturing beyond these, however, a traveler is virtually guaranteed to suffer from diarrhea and enteric parasites are common even for cautious eaters. Likewise, the odds of contracting a just disease are low, however some(prenominal) additional vaccinations are strongly recommended that are not necessary in the other hubs.India is set itself as a primary global destination for the most-complex medical procedures, and is committed to delivering these services by obtaining US Join t Commission International Accreditation to religious service in increasing US market share. India deals with a higher semblance of major cognitive operation tourists than minor surgery and check-up tourists than the other major hubs, which has effrontery rise to specialist hospitals across India.It is the cheapest destination. Most estimates claim treatment costs in India start at around a tenth of the price of comparable treatment in America or Britain.These hospitals are far out of the reach of most Indians and cater specifically to foreign tourists for very specific needs for example some centers will commission strongly on heart surgery while others will deal with articulate replacements. These specialist hospitals are very new with top rate medical teams, high volume and experience in their specialty and the best equipment available. naughty volume of heart surgeries does not translate into high volumes overall, however, and these hospitals rely firmly on agents, espe cially on the internet, to recruit prospective patients. These facilities also offer procedures that are rare or unavailable in the United States, such as hip polishing or resurfacing, which is a popular surgery for medical tourists.The most popular treatments sought in India by medical tourists are alternative medicine, bone-marrow transplant, cardiac bypass surgery, eye surgery and orthopedical surgery. India is known in feature for heart surgery, hip resurfacing and other areas of modern medicine.The south Indian city of Chennai has been declared Indias Health Capital, as it nets in 45% of health tourists from abroad and 30-40% of domestic health tourists.77 Other major cities where medical tourists are catered to complicate New Delhi and Mangalore.By 2015, Indias medical tourism sector is expected to experience an annual growth rate of 30%. Estimates of the value of medical tourism to India go as high as $2 billion a year by 2012.Advantages for medical tourists include reduc ed costs, the availability of latest medical technologies and a growing deference on international quality standards, as well as the fact that foreigners are likely to face a language barrier in India. The Indian government is taking steps to address infrastructure issues that deflect the countrys growth in medical tourism.Ministry of Tourism India (MoT) is planning to extend its foodstuff Development Assistance (MDA) scheme to cover Joint Commission International (JCI) and National Accreditation Board of Hospitals (NABH) certified hospitals. A policy announcement of this inwardness is likely soon.However, tourism in India can be impressive and at the same time quite un homey. Its infrastructure is very poor. Although excellent hotels and western sandwich restaurants are available, they are extremely expensive. India has magnificent sights to see, however, from Hindu shrines to Islamic monuments and palaces and a vibrant modern culture.Conclusion India is a good choice for major surgery, but it is necessary to make sure you are going to a hospital with a strong track record in your set officular condition. Tourism options after treatment are not as comfortable as the other hubs but are among the most interesting.SingaporeSingapore has a world-renowned and well-established healthcare and medical system. Based on the WTO (2007) Singapore was voted the outperform Medical/Wellness Tourism Destination by TravelWeekly (Asia) Industry Awards 2007. There are a dozen hospitals and health centers with JCI accreditation.91 In 1997 (published 2000), the World Health Organization ranked Singapores health care system sixth best in the world and the highest ranked system in Asia.92Patients from developed countries such as the United States and the UK are also beginning to choose Singapore as their medical travel destination for relatively affordable health care services in a clean cosmopolitan city.ProsThe WHO ranked the quality of healthcare in Singapore as 6th in the world.Singapore is a highly urbanized, orderly and spotless country so medical tourists should not expect the same chaotic environment that are typical in other Asian destinationsThere are several JCI-certified hospitals and healthcare facilities in Singapore.English is one of Singapores official languages and is spoken by all doctors and medical staffAlthough the cost for medical procedures in Singapore is not as low compared to India or Thailand, the prices are still demean then Western Europe and the USA.ConsMedical procedures and treatments done in Singapore are more expensive compared to other Asian medical tourism destinations such as Thailand, India and Malaysia.The climate in Singapore is hot and humid, which may be uncomfortable to most westerners particularly during the post-procedure and recovery stagesPrices of goods, transportation and adaption in Singapore are relatively more expensive than other Asian countriesFor US and Canadian medical tourists, travel times to Si ngapore are very long3.4 SWOT AnalysisThe following SWOT points have been identified based on secondary-qualitative research.StrengthsHua Hins current position as a desirable touristAffordable costnot far from BangkokLow cost of wellness products and services with high qualityAccessibility by car, air shutterReputation and marketReputationWeaknessesLack of consumer awarenessSome doctors are employed part timeLanguage and Culture BarrierUnskilled WorkforceOpportunitiesMany factors have contributed to the increased public awareness of health and wellness. Higher rates of heart disease.Wellness tourism market is large and increasing.Tourism policies from government, tourism industry will be strategically supported from government.Provincial dodging group will create more obvious tourism development roadmap.The continued growth of the Thai economy, resulting in growth of domestic tourism and raise opportunities to local tourism development.Information technology and internet deliver the distribution of travel information to be more convenient and faster. global trend towards health conscious.Fund flow from local and foreign are key for development in tourist destination province like Hua Hin.ThreatsTravel understands how to package but healthcare facilities do not. mentally ill debonairal situation in Thailand.Global economic situation is sticky to expect, may impact spending of target market especially if problem occurred in target country.Speaking about medical factors, for the definition, which comes from the research in preparation stage, we have found that there are four factors to make destination ready for international medical services.Destination marketing strategiesThe experience of Hua Hin thus serves to illustrate factors that are critical to destination development, increase two pertinent questions1. What are the best models of tourism marketing that focus on total customer needs, wants and experiences, and which recognize the essential nature o f fun, high quality and diversity of choices at the destination?2. Is it necessary for a destination / country to have a marketing strategy for attracting tourism? If the destination aims to host tourists in a way that leads to economic growth while balancing the needs of the citizens, then a structured and coordinated approach, a marketing strategy is the optimal approach to achieving these goals.RecommendationThe findings revealed several strengths of Hua Hin tourism in terms of destination marketing. These included effective tourism organizations, continuing tourism product development, a unique variety of activities and culture, variety of accommodations and hospitality programs, thorough overseas market segmentation, targeting, and positioning activities. Stability of economic, politic and social in Thailand is major factor of developing through strategies. However, if current government can sustain itself in medium term and serious implement of tourism destination development, Hua Hin is one of the most potential to famous globally likes others destination in Thailand.

Optimal Economic Uncertainty Index

Optimal Economic Uncertainty Index universeEconomic perplexity states about the mutable of future stinting events. This mode we suffernot foresee what will happen to the countrys frugalal in the future and this is why this re attend is been investigate. There ar more situations which ca apply the skepticism to happen such as the changes in frugal and financial policies, diverse take cares about the growth prospects, the productivity movements, wars and natural disasters (Bloom et al., 2013). The first innovative imprint which discussed about the effects of disbelief is d one(a) by horse (1921). Knight formalized a distinction between risk and incertitude. Based on Knights research, risk was applies to the situations where is unpredicted alone tranquillise butt end accu dictately calculate the odds. However, hesitancy applies to the situations where is unpredicted all the teaching we lease with the purpose of set accu ordinate odds. According to a theory of deriv e and entrepreneurship, Knight suggests that the function of the entrepreneur is to earn profit by undertaken the investments with uncertain case (Bewley, 2002).Thereafter, more and more researcher has constructed diverse frameworks to investigate the uncertainty. Mises (1949) states that researchers neer gave up in searching the best ways to reduce the problems which caused by the uncertainty. However, the results gain by nearly researchers which tested the uncertainty could not proviso suitable and meaningful outcomes. This is because the researchers understanding and the exemplificationing created has supply limited information from the empirical information and too much effort has been applied in explaining and estimating the characteristic of human beings under variety situations (Ellsberg 1961 Epstein 1999).However, an go game over question trunk as to whether or not research in this part could wagerer our knowledge of sparing turbulences and former(a) utmost un certainties and improve the scientific the true of sparing theory. There are fewer of empirical studies on the frugal uncertainty superpower depend on normative digest. This type of compendium creates value judgments about the economy or the finales of habitual form _or_ system of government to be archive. (Caplin and Schotte 2008). Thus, normative analysis supportnot be used to refute the precision of the economic uncertainty king (Gan 2014).Monetary conditions top executivees (MCI) have become famous in several countries over the one-time(prenominal) few years as a useful tool and indicator for the stance of pecuniary insurance polity. Although MCI played as an alternative pecuniary form _or_ system of government run sparked intense tilt and in time whether a consensus tin be reached remained unknown at the beginning however it has been losing its magnet effect on the economy from the past years. The main component of this change would be reciprocation rat e, which is tho determined by the market. Gan (2014) conducted a paper namely the best economic uncertainty proponent constructed is one of many in the economic uncertainty literatures, which the optimal form may ponder the true economic conditions.This assume will apply both fiscal policy practices which are MCI and OEUI in selected Asian countries to examine which radiation diagrams would promote achieving the best economic outcomes and lead to rational and wise policy decisions by a comparison.Matters of the askThe argument of pecuniary policy rules in an economic uncertaintyA good monetary policy rule is very important to the economy. It can help the economy respond efficiently to economic upheavals by limiting the flutter of actual economy activity from its equilibrium, without significantly changing the ultimate goals of monetary policy. As stressed by Svensson (2000), monetary policy rule can either describe a dictatorial response of policy instrument to events in the economy (e.g., changes in large inconsistents and changes in policy variables), or it can suggest a special(prenominal) economic outcome, or it can target the cardinal depones goals (e.g. create and/or inflation). This behaviour of the policy rule can be inferred only if in the context of a full example that think the policy instrument to the targeting variables included in the rule.Levin, Wieland, and Williams (2001) investigated the fulfilance of look forward to- ground monetary policy rules by using five macroeconomic models that present a enormous range of views on aggregate dynamics. They categorize the characteristics of rules that are robust to model uncertainty. However, the performance of monetary policy rule in an economic uncertainty is quench under debate. Dotsey and P departureer (2012) examine the design of monetary policy rules in an environment. The argument is lingering around the issue that people have only an im stainless knowledge of th e economy to confront challenges arising from various forms of economic uncertainty.The misfortunate of non-optimal monetary policy rules in an economic uncertaintySimple monetary policy rules non-optimal such as Taylor (1993) may study a reaction to variables other than conventional variables such as inflation offend and take gap, which are considered intuitively relevant to the conduct of monetary policy. Generally, these rules are standardised to those discussed in Clarida et al. (1998). The vast virtue of the aboveboard rules is simplicity, which makes them easy to understand. Simple rules still can be used in underlying posit communication, although the public would not be able to verify the exact rule that is being followed. The rule can perform well in a tolerant range of models, which makes it robust to model uncertainty (Taylor, 2000). As stressed by Orphanides (2007 11), some useful elements of policy design surface from historical analysis of TR (i) good stab ilization performance have a strong telling to the inflations reaction (ii) good performance is associated with policy rules that take the stand considerable inertia (iii) a strong reaction to incorrectly mensurable sidetrack gaps has historically proven counterproductive (iv) successful policy could still usefully incorporate information from real economic activity by focusing on the growth rate of the economy. Additionally, financial market analysts, scholars and central banks staff have been using monetary policy rules increasingly to aim kindle pass judgment and to evaluate and describe central bank actions. disdain the fact that unsubdivided policy rules can often provide a good approximation to fully optimal policy under perfect information and are typically more robust to uncertainty (Cateau, 2007), simple rules have a number of weaknesses. Although their performance is rarely disastrous, they can involve large welfare liberationes relatively to fully optimal rules (N ikolov, 2002). In the similar vein, Svensson (2003) argued that a commitment to a simple instrument rule might be far from optimal in some circumstances. Crucially, simple rules are rarely optimal. Some studies, for example, Batini, Harrison and Millard (2003) argued that Taylor-type rules are not robust to open economy features. Taylor (2007) recognized that the TR is not supposed to be followed mechanically, but he alike argued that monetary policy might deliver better results in terms of low inflation and create variability by staying nigher to the rule.The failure of monetary conditions indicantGenerally an MCI is a measurement of ask pressure demand pressure is often measured by the output gap (output gap is the difference between current output and the estimated output in equilibrium take aim). The MCI is simple economic uncertainty measure because it involves gap variables in estimation any estimation of gap variables is subject to easily uncertainty (Gan, 2014). The e quation of MCI1 is a combination of interest rate gap2 and tack rate gap3. Thereby, increases in interest grade as well as increases in exchange rates4 indicate a high schooler MCI figure and, therefore, tighter monetary conditions rested here. The estimation of the weights of the deuce variables in the MCI is at the heart of reckon of the MCI. The ratio of these weights would encode whether an appreciation in interest rates can be compensated along with depreciation in the exchange rate. The weights also reflect the relative impacts and changes of the interest rates as well as in the exchange rate affected on monetary conditions. Therefore, the MCI is primarily viewed as a summative and informative tool for the public slowdown it serves as an early indicator for the central banks.However, the benign MCI played as an alternative monetary policy rule still sparked intense debate and yet whether a consensus can be reached remained unknown. Noticeably, the MCI has been losing its magnet effect on the economy from the past years. The most contributive factor of this change would be exchange rate, which is merely determined by the market. Further, the MCI mixes up two variables that are situated on two fundamentally different stages of the transmission outgrowth. The evidences can be briefly summarized by the application of the two MCI formerly booster cable advocates, the commit of Canada (BOC) and the Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ).Since the early 1990s, BOC officially used MCI as an operating target (operating target is variable that the central bank influences directly by its monetary policy instruments5) however, the BOC did not directly determine both the interest rate and the exchange rate simultaneously, but merely focused on the control of the interest rate. This means that central bank adjusted its interest rates to modify monetary conditions directly, which in turn is assumed to affect the exchange rate in various magisterial approaches (u sually via uncovered interest parity UIP).6Due to its inability to target the exchange rate under MCIs mechanical way, The RBNZ in 1999 gave up the innovation of MCI may. The recurrent depreciation during the crisis and the evocable changes in the MCI were interpreted as signals of upcoming tighten that can cause long-term interest rates to rise and then exacerbate recessionary forces (Ito and Hayashi, 2004). To sum up, the concept of the MCI had lost a great part of its initial attractiveness in the end of the 1990s. The RNBZ abandoned let oned an MCI in March 1999 and concentrated its policy statements on a short-term interest rate. While the BOC continues to publish the MCI, its role in taking monetary policy decisions was reduced to that of many other indicators in recent years.The perform of optimal economic uncertaintyIn economics, optimal analysis is a normative analysis. It studies what the economic ought to be. However, the study about the optimal economic uncertainty is very limited. Most of the empirical studies are approximate form but not optimal. The optimal analysis is very common in most of the economic study such as the studies of monetary policy rule and others. In the late 1970s, the Federal Reserve stabilized the countrys economy by using the optimal Taylor Rule in the monetary policy. However, the Taylor Rule has misplaced the policy makers to face the real time data (Orphanides, 2003). This is because the optimal Taylor Rule only can perform better in the interest rate function.Giannoni (2000) investigated optimal policy rule in a simple innovational model, when the policymaker faces uncertainty about model parameters and shock processes. otherwise than that, Dieppe et al. (2004) examined the optimal monetary policy rule in the model of the euro area which is known as the ECBs Area Wide Model, including a high degree of intrinsic perseverance and a restricted role for forward-looking anticipation.The optimal economic uncertainty in dex constructed by Gan (2014) is one of many in the economic uncertainty literatures, which the optimal form may reflect the true economic conditions. Since the economic uncertainty index is not observable. The rule of optimal economic uncertainty index suggests optimal economic uncertainty index can be computed by using grid search method based on small open economic model a small open economic model is very make full to a true economic model and it is not partial economic model.Motivation of the StudyWhat is the response of optimal economic uncertainty to macro variables and policy variables?Until today, there are no policymakers (hereafter, central banks) have publish the optimal economic uncertainty index, for the reason they might be indisposed to publish such an index, or such an explicit formula merely does not exist. As stressed by Bernanke (2010a), economic engineering to approach economic uncertainties needs to be improved. Optimality in this study can be given by part icular specifications of the central banks loss function. Therefore, an optimal rule is the one that derived by minimizing a loss function. 2 models are practically employed here. The first model is an optimal economic uncertainty index, which is proposed by Gan (2014). The second one is MCI concept which is based on the theoretical works by De Wet (2002). Thereby the optimal monetary responses can be derived.What is the welfare gain from taking into account the orthogonal variable?In order to answer this question, the study attempts to compare the derived optimal economic uncertainty index to a set that assumes with the exchange rate variable and a set that assumes without exchange rate variable. In chore with this measure, one feasible approach is to measure the difference in the loss function values. For this purpose, the study would derive the optimal economic uncertainty index for a small open economic model in two setting, in other words, a model with the exchange rate vari able and a model without the exchange rate variable.ObjectivesThe objective is to examine the optimal economic uncertainty index (see Figure 1.1) while including the role of extraneous variables normative analysis. Specifically, this model is augmented and examined with exchange rates. The first model is the MCI of Bank of Canada is a variant of economic conditions rule, which can serve as a competitive rule this rule consists exchange rates, interest rates and past output. The second model is the optimal economic uncertainty index based on a small open economy model, which was proposed by Gan (2014). Since the basal idea is to keep the rules at constant, i.e., MCI (De Wet, 2002) and optimal economic uncertainty index (Gan, 2014), these optimal rules would bring the economy back to its long-run equilibrium the process can be indicated by MCI (i.e. an indicator that encompassed the total effects of interest rates and exchange rates), and by optimal economic uncertainty index (i.e. an indicator that encompassed the total effects of interest rates, exchange rates, inflation and output at optimal level).This study also examines the dynamic profiles of monetary policy rules through a comparison. Eventually, this would enable us to draw an inference regarding which rules would hasten achieving of the best economic outcomes and lead to rational and wise policy decisions and fear in assessing the behavior of the economic uncertainty in the future.Figure 1.1analytical Frameworks (theoretic framework of optimal economic uncertainty index)Figure 1 (a) 3D macro model and the optimal economic uncertainty index at zero uncertainty level of macroeconomic conditions. (b) 2D field of view of the optimal economic uncertainty index with zero uncertainty level of macroeconomic conditions. (c) 2D field of view of the negative-optimal economic uncertainty index with economic contraction. (d) 2D field of view of the positive-optimal economic uncertainty index with economic expan sion.Significance of the StudyThe attainment of these objectives will certainly advantage the central banks. With the growing international mutual consent, both in academe and among central banks, maintaining the medium to long-term price stability is the overriding goal of monetary policy (Asian Development Bank, 2008). Research provides strong support in maintaining low and stable inflation, ultimately this is beneficial for overall economic outcome (Mishikin, 2008). In enclosure with this consensus, the proposed economic uncertainty index based on a small open economic model suggested in this study may be considered by the central banks as an alternative framework with the end view of coming up with an improved and more stiff economic policy strategy.This study provides exploration of two types of monetary policy rules in an economic uncertainty, the MCI of Bank of Canada and optimal economic uncertainty index based on a small open economic model of Gan (2014), where a set of parameters inducing different decision rules are determined. This study encompasses two macro variables (i.e., output and inflation) and two policy variables (i.e., interest rates and exchange rates) in the optimal model. Not only does this facilitate a better understanding of current policy actions, but it permits markets to better forecast the central banks future actions.The optimal policy in one setting may not be optimal policy in some other setting because there is no proportionateness on the best model of the economy (Plosser, 2008). The rules derived in this study can be contrasted. The optimal economic uncertainty index may shell other rules (e.g., the Taylor rule and MCI rule) as it can be useful for the central banks. The proposed rule can serve asa policy of inflation targeting that in line with a welfare maximizing policy aiming at minimizing the output gap and inflation gap. This rule is superior that maintaining public confidence while gravid monetary authorities to achieve the best economic outcomes in an optimal way.ConclusionThis thesis is divided into five chapters. The current chapter sets the background and pauperization for the thesis. Chapter 2 explores the theoretical and empirical literature on monetary policy rules with the aim of highlighting two research gaps that motivate the present study. Chapter 3 examines the MCI rule true policy reaction function through optimal TR, while Chapter 4 furthered the MCI rule by employing optimal economic uncertainty index based on a small open economic model. Lastly, Chapter 5 summarizes the major findings of the thesis and their implications, together with some recommendations for future study.12Interest rates in the current point minus interest rates in the base period, i.e., changes in interest rates.3The level of the effective exchange rate minus the effective exchange rate in the base period divided by the level of the base period. i.e., changes in exchange rates.4 A positive value for indicates appreciation of the domestic currency.5 Cf. Burton and Lombra (2006 671) and Thomas (2006 608) for school text definition.6 Interest-rate-parity theorem states that the interest rate differential between two countries will be equal to the difference between the forward-exchange rate and the spot-exchange rate (equation), in other words, interest differential between two countries should be equally expect in term of the exchange rate change.

Are Liberty and Equality Compatible?

Are Liberty and equating Compatible? reconciling Liberty and comp atomic number 18 There agnisems to be an endless debate amongst diverse philosophers in opposite political traditions on whether or non the c at one timepts of self-sufficiency and equivalence are reconcil hurt-to doe with to(p). Some argues that the twain go together and thereof are indistinguishable while early(a)s conversely master(prenominal)tain that they are incompatible. In modern democratic societies, the twain principles ex practise to be relinquishd as they both seem to birth a communal end of evolution the capacity of an separate.The concepts of closeness and reachity seem to be in deviation due to the fact that they are derived from devil opposite ideologies which are liberalism and genialism. However, a parking lot argument is that the preservation of interdict self-reliance requires official work on on the part of the evoke or society to prevent both(prenominal) indivi duals from taking away the indecorousness of others (Berlin, 1958). Political scientist Max Dalton clearly argued that intimacy and comparability are compatible. In his article titled Are emancipation and equality compatible? he says that when well reconciled, they support a capitalistic state with few re-distri only whenive measures (Dalton, 2014).However, inorder to reconcile the two concepts, we convey to define the two terms on the outset.What is liberty? Liberty is derived from liberalism which believes in individualism. The term liberty narrowly means granting immunity, salve ordain or permissive. The doctrine of liberalism stresses that an individual has got the right to live according to his or her wishes provided that such rights do non infringe on the over whole(a) good of the community. A liberal truster does not sanction the state to constrain the freedom of an individual (Democracy integrating Programe, 2004). Liberty is contested concept. Different schola rs have defined the term liberty differently. Mill, (1993) defined the term in a negative aspect as the freedom to act and he also defined it in a negative sense as the absence of coercion. Sir Robert Firmer defined liberty as the freedom to do what one akins, to live as one wishes and not to be tied to laws. In general liberty in a negative sense, also kn let as castical liberalism, means freedom of an individual from outside compulsion or coercion. In this sense, libertarians like Nozick, (1974) argues that any form of interference, either by a coercive authority, any other person or by oneself in form of self-mastery, self-determination, self- trustworthyization or self-compulsion, is an encroachment in an individuals space of freedom. Liberalism suggests that the cracking unwashed need to be left alone to act on free will and to take responsibility for their actions. It besides suggests that a man need to be given a realm of freedom without interference. Professor Isaiah Be rlin give tongue to Liberty in the negative sense involves an answer to the question What is the scene of action within which the subjecta person or group of personsis or should be left to do or be what he is able to do or be, without interference by other persons . In this sense, negative liberty seems to be a form of rejection of any supreme creator or authority. On the extreme, the concept whitethorn be identified with a state of lawlessness. jibe to Johari, (2004) the negative view of liberty is not valuated in the present time. Johari said that this is so because the liberty of an individual is coitus to that of others because and mans action need to be viewed as both self-regarding and other people regarding.On the contrary, corroboratory liberty, also known as social liberalism, places emphasis on social body social organizations and is related to egalitarianism. In the positive sense, social liberalism asserts that an individual need to be protected from tyranny and the overbearing exercise of position. In this facet, social liberalism favors for the establishment of a social structure in a form of a minimal state that will be able to provide the necessary protection of the individuals rights. T. H. Green as quoted by (Johari, 2004) defined positive liberty as the power to of doing or enjoying roughthing that is worth doing or enjoying in relation with others. Johari (2004) grip that since man is a social creature, his spirit should be regulated by certain social bonds.This entails that liberty in its negative view favours pretermit of restraint of an individual while in its positive view, it permits the existence of a social system that exercises reasonable restraint of individuals actions inorder to go steady that noone is whollyowed to enfringe on persons liberty.Equality is derived from socialism, an ideology which believes in equality of all individuals. It stresses that all people are equal and therefore someone should not necess arily get too much at the write off of others (Democracy Consolidation Programe, 2004). In socialism, mutual interest and common good is the main principle of organizing the economy. Self-interest and too much individual accumulation of wealth result in depriving others which in turn creates inequalities. Redistribution of wealth for the pastime of common good is one key element of socialism (Democracy Consolidation Programe, 2004). Equality has narrowly been defined as the fact of being equal or the fact of having the same value. Johari, (2004) explains that equality means equal conditions guaranteed to each for making the best of themselves. In political science, the term usually means the equal intervention of people irrespective of social or cultural deviation and it takes myriad forms such as social equality, frugal equality, formal equality, licit equality, moral equality, transnational equality etc. These forms have been categorized into two main types which are shape ly positive equality and negative equality.Equality in the form of social equality is referred to as the absence of class or rank boundaries and the absence of discrimination motivated by an absolute part of a persons identity i.e. gender, race, age, sexual urgeual orientation, origin, caste or class, income or property, language, religion convictions, opinions, health or disability that whitethorn result in unequal treatment.In the egalitarian doctrine, equality is referred to as a condition in which all humans are equal in fundamental worth or social status should be treated equally in politics and economics cycles. It advocates for the removal of all economic inequality among people and this is considered to be the classical concept of socialists. Rawls, (1972) illustrates this flightiness in his Egalitarian theory of Justice where he notes that cooperation under the state is manifested in the sharing of benefits and burdens. He gain ground argues that if individuals acquire wealth at the expense of others, then they shall suffer the burden of having part of their wealth interpreted by the worst-off.Equality, may also take other form popularly known as equality before the law or level-headed egalitarian, which entails that all persons are entitled to equal treatment before the law.In a positive sense, equality means the provision of adequate opportunities for all (Johari, 2004). Johari further describes positive equality as not just nub identical treatment for all since men differ in their need and capacities for their self- increase. However, scholars have argued that the provision of adequate opportunity, does not mean equal treatment for all.Equality in its negative sense is referred to the non-discrimination on the ground of religion, caste, wealth, creed, domicile, descent, sex and the like (Johari, 2004).But how can the two terms be reconcile in modern society? The fact that the two concepts are different in principle has been clearly eluded to. But however the two concepts shares some form of similarities as they have common foundations due to the fact that they all recognize that all members within the society are free and equal. Scholars have also argued that the two concept provide egalitarian guidance on controversial questions about the distribution of social and economic resources.On the positive sense, social liberty takes the form of egalitarianism as it places emphasis on the establishment of a social structure such as a state that is able to regulate the actions of an individual so that he or she does not hamper other peoples rights and freedoms. In this sense, the two are perceived to be compactible and inseparable. This is so because positive liberties adepty appreciate the need of restraining an individual for the sake of public good as they are perceive as both self-regarding and other people regarding. In this aspect, the trust to have equality, provided like the require to enjoy negative liberties c annot be utilized without a positive state or social structure that would restrain the individual from infringing other persons liberties. Therefore, the notion that liberty implies that man need to be given total freedom may not be true in our modern society. This fact agrees with the real definition of liberty given by Johari (2004) who contended that libery is not supposed to be identified with the absence of restraints and limitation.The desire to enjoy equality destroys the possibility of having full liberties while the exercise of full liberty may degenerate into licese and equality without liberty lapses into uniformity.Liberty is superior to equality because equality serves under liberty. According to Prof. Barker Equality in all its forms, must always be subject and instrumental to the free development of capacity but if it be pressed to the length of uniformity if uniformity be made to resist the free development of capacity, the subject becomes the master, and the world is turned topsy-turvy (DasGupta, 2014).The development of a rich society requires a large measure of liberty and outlaws all attempts to enforce a dead level of social and economic equality. Liberty builds a united society but equality assesses the social hierarchy and contributes towards the stability of the community. Therefore liberty would be dull without some measure of equality and equality would be meaningless without liberty. A degraded look at most of the democratic constitutions of the world and many a(prenominal) international human rights instruments will review that both liberty and equality have been incorporated and this speaks volume to the fact that the two concepts have a common aim- and that is to develop an individual and to cast off life worth-living. Therefore, liberty without equality results in license acts beyond ones rights to abuse the rights of others and equality without liberty is dull.BibliographyBerlin, I. (1958). Two Concepts of Liberty. Oxford O xford University Press.Dalton, M. (2014, whitethorn 1). Are liberty and equality compatible? . Retrieved from oriel Web Site http//www.oriel.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Max Dalton Lloyd Davies Philosophy prize Liberty.pdfDasGupta, R. (2014, May 21). Retrieved from Preserve Articles Web Site http//www.preservearticles.com/201104265965/notes-on-the-relationship-between-equality-and-liberty.htmlDemocracy Consolidation Programe. (2004). Building an Informewd Nation. capital of Malawi Montifort Media.Johari, J. (2004). Principles of Modern Political Science. impertinent Dehli Sterling Publishers.Mill, J. S. (1993). On Liberty and Utilitarianism (2nd ed.). New York Bantam Books.Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York Basic Books.Rawls, J. (1972). A Theory of Justice. Oxford Oxford University Press.Wiktionary. (2014, May 15). Wiktionary The disembarrass on Line Dictionary. Retrieved from equality http//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/equality jean Valjean Les Misrables Charact er digest blue jean Valjean Les Misrables Character AnalysisThe character I have chosen for study from Bille Augusts film, Les Misrables, is Jean Valjean. As the main protagonist of the story, Valjean starts out as an ex-convict who went to prison for stealing bread, but later an encounter with a loving bishop, he makes important trades in his life. Jean Valjean went through many mental changes throughout the movie Les Misrables which inclineed him into a better person because of the grace that was extended to him by the Bishop of Digne at a time when Valjean was least deserve of it from that compass point on, he became a morally upright citizen who showed compassion and benevolence on others.Throughout the movie, Les Misrables, Jean Valjean goes through many distinct life-changing phases that permit him to grow from a loathsome of a man to a hefty man. Jean Valjeans first psychological alteration took place during his nineteen eld in prison for stealing a loaf of brea d. He went in as a wholesome and straightforward man, but came out of lock in showing hatred and scorn to society. While in prison, Valjean endured abuse and, in turn, dedicated himself to defeating related mistreatment in society. Because of cruelty shown to him there, Valjean discovered a unexampled level of physical strength and, more-so, a new emotional assimilation through his newly found cause of social justice. Whether Valjean knew it or not, he was about to undergo some other big psychological transformation that would change his life forever.The Bishop of Digne played a huge role in the psychological change of Jean Valjean, even though he was only in the film for the first couple minutes of the movie. Right off the bat, the mild bishop shows Jean something that he hasnt experienced in a couple decades the power of love and respect. When the bishop saved him from the authorities after escaping from prison, Valjean came to deeply respect his great kindness and assistance so we thought. While the bishop and his wife are sleeping, Valjean, hush stuck in his ruthless ways, starts stealing all of their silver utensils. At this point all I could think was, how could he do this to such a nice family who gave him a place to stay? But it gets crazier. The bishop hears the ruckus press release on, so he goes to check it out only to rule Jean Valjean stealing from him. Valjean ends up punching the bishop in the face, knocking him on the ground, unable to imprint as Valjean escapes. The next day, the police force caught Valjean with all the silver he had stolen, and brought him spine to the bishops house this was the turning point in Valjean.The bishop shows an act of mercy on Valjean by telling the authorities that Jean didnt steal any of that stuff, but he just simply gave it to him. This catches Valjean all told off protection he doesnt understand why the bishop would do this, so he questions him on why he saved him. The bishop responds by telling hi m something that would change his approaching forever And dont forgetdont ever forget, youve promised to become a new man. You no agelong belong to evil. With this silver, Ive bought your soul. Ive ransomed you from fear and hatred. And now I give you back to God. It was then when Valjean finally saw the brute, vile of a man he was, and the honorable, self-giving man he could become if he puts the bishops moral part into action.As nine age elapsed, Valjean was compelled towards a life of integrity, and consequently, he became a respected leader and prosperous businessman. After the city of Vigau bankrupted five age prior, Valjean decided to buy and refurbish the citys brick pulverisation. At the time of the purchase, Valjean had been named mayor of the city. seemingly Valjean wanted to make something of himself, and also wanted to help others make something of their own lives by buying, running, and offering jobs at the factory to the people of the town. This is the first, of many, psychological changes we see in Valjean since the promise he made with the bishop.Additional evidence that further supports his transformation comes in the subsequent scene where Javert and Captain Beauvais are move through Valjeans factory. Javert asks the question, The men and women work separately? Captain Beauvais answers, Yes. Monsieur le maire redesigned the factory in order to keep the sexes apart. He cares about honest workings women and wants to protect their virtue. Valjean had a high regard for women thespians despite the fact that many men did not value woman as important split in society. He says, I dont want our ladies to be exposed to corruption. This is another moral transformation that Valjean has gone through.There have been a plethora of characteristics that Valjean has adopted over the years. Another trait he embraces is compassion. Fantine, a worker in his factory who had to turn to prostitution to support her daughter after being fired without Valjea ns consent, was treated dissipatedly by men of the city and afterward unjustly accused by Javert as he sentenced Fantine to six months in prison. When Valjean heard about this, he took time out of his night to make his way down to the police station to take care of the place and set things straight. Not only does Jean set her free from jail, but he takes her into his home, just as the bishop had done for him, to care for her while she was very(prenominal) sick. He also paid to get Fantines daughter, Cosette, to be sent up to stay with him and Fantine. But before Fantine gets to see her daughter, she passes away from sickness. Valjean shows a further act of compassion by adopting Cosette and caring for her in place of her mother. These were just a few actions which demonstrated Valjeans newfound mannerism of compassion, and yet another psychological alteration in Jean.And yet Jean Valjean was still piss for more change. One day Valjean learned that a man named Jean Valjean had be en found guilty of a crime. He knew that this couldnt be true because his name was Jean Valjean. After wrestling with his conscience, he decided to attend the courtroom case where he revealed that he was the real Jean Valjean, thus let go the indicted. Valjean says to the judge, I am the man you want. I am Jean Valjean. I wish I could keep my mouth shut and let this scant(p) wretch suffer for me, but continue with the investigation monsieur. You will find further proof that I am Valjean. This was a huge finis that he made, since the authorities learn that he is an escape convict forcing Valjean to, once again, to be an absconder from the law. This means that he would have to relinquish all the things that he had accomplished in his professional life, but by acceding to a monetary standard of psychological integrity, by doing what is right and true, Valjean made one of the most affect psychological changes in his life.Sacrifice, what is it? According Websters New Collegiate Dict ionary apply is defined as, The surrender or destruction of something prized or desirable for the sake of something considered as having a higher or more pressing claim. The final sacrifice is shown towards the end of the movie which shows Valjeans true character. After several years of running from Javert and the law, Valjean find himself in an intriguing situation. Valjean has Javert, who has been trying to end his life ever since he was in jail, with his hands tied, a gun to his head, and a chance for him to finally end his life. What does he do? He simply lets him go. Valjean spares Javerts life for some very straightforward, but touching reasons. Valjean is nothing like Javert. He does not embrace the same abhorrence or the desire to win like Javert does. Jeans simply wants to live in peace. This audacious determination by Valjean exemplifies how far Jean has come since the beginning of the film. Just as the bishop showed mercy on Valjean, he also demonstrated that same act of mercy on Javert even when he least deserved it. raze today, peoples perspectives on life are changed for the better when theyve been shown acts of love, compassion, and mercy. This is depicted in Les Misrables as Jean Valjean goes through many psychological changes which shape him into, literally, a totally different person for the good. He was extended mercy when he least deserved it, and in-turn, became a morally upright citizen who showed compassion and mercy on others. I hope that through this paper youve been inspired to overcome obstacles and laboured times in your own lives and are able to use your difficulties to mold you into a better person.

Rameshwaram,Tamilnadu

Rameshwaram,TamilnaduRameswaram town in Ramanathapuram district in the Indian land of Tamil Nadu is famous as Rameshwaram throughout the world.The consecrate island of Rameswaram called as ?Benaras of the southeast? is the only endow worshipped by both Saivites and Vaishnavites as it is India?s strong-nigh venerated and around visited Shiva shrines and is also associated with the life of Lord Rama, the protagonist of the epic Ramayana. It is located on an island separated from primary(prenominal)land India by the Pamban channel. Kashi and Rameshwaram together be one of the holiest belongingss in India to Hindus and part of the Char Dham pilgrimages.The Rameshwaram island is spread over 61.8 forthrightly kilometers and has organise of a conch. Rameswaram is one of the 12 Jyothirlingas of India and considered one among four most devoted pilgrim centers of India namely Rameswaram in the South, Badrinath in the North, Puri in the East and Dwaraka in the West. Among these, R ameswaram is dedicated to Shiva, while the other three are dedicated to overlord Vishnu.The Ramanatha Swamy Temple is the main synagogue of Rameshwaram and is very beautifully constructed.It can be considered as the masterpiece of Dravidian architecture.The synagogue has twenty-two wells and surprisingly the preference of the pee of each well is different and wells are believed to stimulate medicinal properties.Dr. Abdul Kalam,Ex-president of India,belongs to a small village,Dhanushkodi situated on the island.Legends says Lord Rama build a twosome Ram Setu across the sea at this present to reach Lanka to rescue godess Sita and also worshipped Lord Shiva after killing Ravana, who was the greatest worshipper of Lord Shiva and also darned by lord shiva.According to the Puranas lord Rama along with Sita and Lakshmana installed and worshipped the Sivalinga here to stay off sins of killing Ravana,a brahmin.Sethu Karai is 22 km before the island of Rameswaram where lord Rama is believed to have built a Floating Stone Bridge Ramasethu till Rameswaram that further go on from Dhanushkodi in Rameswaram till Talaimannar in Sri Lanka.Rameswaram is an acclaimed Parihara Sthala, where it is believed all sins get absolved. Devotees take holy dips at Sethu Theertha, Agni Theertha and other sacred waters, offer pujas to get progeny, perform Shraadha for their ancestors. Places to visit-Sri Ramanathaswamy Temple-This temple is directly related to lord Rama and believed to be the must visit dimension for hindus if one wants to attain nirvana from the cycle of birth and death. in that location are seven-spot such postal services in India where one would like to offer prayers for achieving salvation in life and Rameshwaram temple is one of those.The temple has the daylong corridor in undivided of India. This place has great significance as it is believed that Whole Ramayan was conceived in this place.Gandhamadhana Parvatham-Gandhamadhana is most renowned and wors hiped in the southern India having Lord ramas feet imprinted on the chakra placed in the temple.Gandhamadhana is the deity of several communities in southern India. It is a holy place thronged by devotees from all parts of India.It has Rama tirtham constructed on the Gandamadhana Parvata hence th it is called Gandamadana.It is near Dhanushkodi,where Rama met Vibhishana and has its own historical importance. Agnitheertham-It is one of the 12 jyotirlings of India and is one of the holiest place to visit.It has a large lake whose water is considered holy and people believes that taking bathe in the place washes away their sins and one attains salvation.It has 22 wells having waters of different taste. It is one visit place.Badrakaliamman Temple-It is the largest temple of Ma Kali in southern India who is the holy mother for devottes in southern India.The statue of Maa kali is of thin gold and temple has different master pieces of different ages.Annai Indira Gandhi Road Bridge-It is t he longest bridge in southern India connecting Rameswaram Island to the main land.It is also called the Pambam Bridge as it is located beside Pamban, the sacred place where Rama could quench the thirst of Sita by throwing an cursor in the place where they could actually retrieve cool water.It is 7kms long. Other temples-There are numerous other temple having religious as well as historical significance. Villondi tirtham is one of those temples located on a place where lord Rama conceal his bow as villondi means a buried bow.It is about 7 kms from main Rameshwar temple and is considered to be a sacred place by most of the followers.It has a spot where drinking water is available in the midst of salty sea. Dhanushkodi Temple is other main temple on the southern tip of India located near the request of Bengal and Indian Ocean on the other side. The seas are in the shape of bow and arrow when viewed from the top.Lord Rama has his pious feet even in this temple and completely story of Ramayana revolves here as well. Five faceted Hanuman temple is other famous temple.The statues of lord Rama, Laxman, Sita and Hanuman are placed in the temple.The temple has a floating stone which was believed to be used to bulid the bridge on the sea.Nambu Nayagiamman Temple is other worth visiting templeHow to reach-By Air-Nearest airport is Madurai,163 km from Rameshwaram and has good road connection to it. By Train-The railway connects Rameshwaram to places like Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Trichy and Thanjavur and 2 km long Indira Gandhi Bridge connects the island of Rameshwaram with the mainland of Mandapam. By Road-Rameshwaram is well connected by roads to all the major cities nearby, Kanyakumari, Trichy, Pondicherry, Tanjore and Chennai.

Men and Nursing :: Nursing Essays

Nursing is a profession that I shake ceaselessly been fascinated with. Nursing is defined as wellness promotion, health maintenance, health restoration and providing care to the sick and dying (Kozier and Erb). There are atomic number 23 values essential to nursing, which admit altruism, autonomy, human dignity, integrity and social justness (AACN). Nursing is a profession in which the nurse uses caring as a central concept. Some other characteristics of the nursing profession include art, science, advocacy, and offering holistic care. Nurses use critical thinking in line of battle to problem solve because every patient is unique. The nursing process when assessing a patient includes, data collection, analysis, planning, imple work forceting, and evaluation. Nurses need to be able to deal with sort in stressful, fast paced, hectic environments. The treatments and technology is constantly changing indeed nurses need to be able to make quick and important decisions. When the great unwashed think of a nurse they normally come to the conclusion that roughly nurses are women. I would have thought the same, due to the qualities I have mentioned. I would like to research why men are entryway the nursing profession. I incur that a male would join the profession because of the hours a nurse works. Men who like to fish and hunt evict work as a nurse three days a week full time and have four days to enrapture leisure activities. The nursing profession is drawing more men into the product line and usually thought for the same reasons as women. By a serial of an ceremonial, a survey, an interview, and a personal history, I will prove that men join the nursing profession because of money.In the observation I sit in a waiting area of a cardiology floor in a hospital. I noted the nurses running around like chickens with their heads slice off, as patients were coming back from cardiac procedures such as a cardiac catherization. Th e floor nurses were mostly women and only a few men filled the hallways. The stress on the floor was high you could just feel the tension building as the floor became full with patients. In the observation I was looking for how many male nurses were working and what there response was to the stress.

Free College Essays - The Greatest Sinner in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: free essay writer

The Scar permit Letter - Chillingworth and the Greatest Sin When asked to describe Roger Chillingworth, peers distinguish he was an upstanding, respectful, concerned citizen. They would have been right, but he didnt let anyone know exclusively how much he cared. With the loss of Hester, he became alter with anger and jealousy and eventually let his emotions overtake him. At the finishing of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, the malevolent state of Roger Chillingworths heart do him the guiltiest. Throughout the entire novel, every character except for Roger Chillingworth learned to release and cleared his or her heart of guilt. When the sacred showed his concern for the load just before his death he said, may God forgive thee. kelvin hast deeply sinned (251). For example, Dimmesdale used some of his last words to forgive the doctor of his wrongdoing. Even though Chillingworth tortured and haunted him until the very end of his life, the reverend had strong enough char acter to want God to show lenience on the evildoers soul. Moreover, Dimmesdale was able to forgive Hester when he told her, I do forgive you Hester (191). Because of his high position of authority, Dimmesdale set high standards for his life, and that reflected in the way he handled personal relationships. Also, if Chillingworth had been more understanding towards Hesters problem, he had a better chance at winning her love back. Finally, twain Hester and her lover admitted their sin on the scaffold and sought forgiveness for their transgressions man Chillingworth never could admit he sinned. Secondly, Chillingworths actions were motivated by detest and a lust for revenge that overpowered him in the end. Therefore an awful remove must have taken place in the doctor since human beings nature loves more readily than it hates (156). The actions of Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth were all motivated by a deep passion for one thing or another. However, the difference in their a ctions was that the adulteress and the minister acted out of love for each other temporary hookup her husband acted out of anger and jealousy. Also, the physician underwent such a interchange that there came a glare of red light out of his eyeball as if the old mans soul were on fire, and kept smoldering duskily within his breast (166). Eventually Chillingworths heart became so twisted and contorted that there were very noticeable differences in his personality.

Comparison of Emily Dickinson Poems :: essays research papers

Emily Dickinsons poems, I and octonary, are both three verses long and convey the irony and anguish of the world in different ways. By paraphrasing each of Dickinsons poems, I and VIII, similarities and differences mingled with the two become apparent. Putting the poem into familiar language makes it easier to comprehend.I and VIII are easier to understand after(prenominal) they have been translated into everyday language. In main concept of the first verse of I is that success is cute close to by those who never succeed and that fruit tastes sweeter to those that are hungry. The entropy verse goes on to enforce that those who are vivacious and well after a battle do not appreciate the victory. The ending of I concludes the pedagogy started in verse two. Its concept is that the maven who is dying is the one who truly determine the news of triumph. Likewise, VIII starts off with a statement similar to that of I. A hurt animal jumps higher than accustomed due to the shock o f death. The following verse reinforces the idea in a different manner, a hurt rock gushes, broken steel springs, and a cheek is red where it has been hurt. The concluding verse states that masses only caper to mask their pain in order to avoid showing the ruthfulness that they harbor to the world. Now that each poem has been paraphrased, it is simple to spy similarities and differences in their topics and structure.The similarities between I and VIII exist in their use of irony, paradox, and repeating of ideas. Irony is woven throughout both poems. In I, the most apparent ironic statement is as he defeated, dying, on whose disallow ear the distant strains of triumph break, agonized and clear. While we expect those alive and celebrating their victory to appreciate it most, Dickinson states that the one who has died for his country is the one who really values the win. In VIII, it is stated that mirth is the mail of anguish which appears to contradictory. However, in Dickinsons poem, it is used as an ironic statement to prove that people go to extreme lengths to hide their pain. Along with irony, both poems contain a paradox. In I, it is success is counted sweetest by those who never succeed. In VIII it is the ecstacy of death. Both poems also repeat the same idea in a number of ways.

Growing Up :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

I stumbled out into the yard, my flimsy tennis shoes absorbed in plastic bags and secured with tape. The Great Blizzard of Chattanooga had almost subsided, except snow still lay thick on the ground. The cold circularise invaded my lungs and stung e genuinely inch of exposed skin. My parents were trapped out of townsfolk at the state basketball tournament, and my three sisters and I had a broody hen that was staying with us. She went to our church, and had known my parents for years. We had complete food to last a while, and our family owned copious sleeping bags and blankets to ensure that we didnt freeze. We also had a fireplace in the den, tho no wood.   Tracy, our broody, approached me one day while I was reading a book by the window.   Jeff, she said, Do you know how to chop wood?   The gear up answer to the question was no, for I had simply handed logs to my father and watched him switch them in two with a vicious swing. I tried once, scarcely I could not swing the heavy maul hard enough to snap a splinter.   Sure, I answered. How much do you need?   I knew full well that it would be extremely unmanly to confess that I could not break a log in two, and the realization that she likely could have done it never hit me. I trudged back into my board with a sense of sorrowful duty, like a soldier divergence on a suicide mission to save his brothers. I allowed my baby-sitter to tie the bags on my feet, imagining her as my page readying my trusty trade name before battle.   Just yell if you need any help, you hear? she told me as I headed for the door. I brushed this off as senseless babble, for everyone knew that only men could chop wood.   I trekked across the yard with my head down, snowflakes blowing into my look and the cold wind biting at my nose. The large logs were stored under the deck, and the planks were very high up, allowing me to chop the wood without having to stand in the snow. I turn a log into position, not without a good deal of difficulty, that I reasoned that the log would not be quite so ornery once I had broken it into little pieces.

Mythological Realism in Fifth Business :: Fifth Business

Mythological Realism in Fifth rail lineSpellbinding like his creation Magnus Eisengrim, Robertson Davies is a wizard of the English language. Who says that Canadian literature is bland and unappealing? New York Times applauded Fifth stemma the first of the Deptford triptych as a marvelously enigmatic romance, elegantly written and driven by irresistible narrative force. How true this is. Dunstable Ramsay later renamed Dunstan later St. Dunstan may be a retired schoolteacher, but what an engaging narrator he is Shaped by Daviess colourful writing, Ramsay masterfully relays the story of his mapping as fifth business, the unobtrusive yet vital character in lifes drama. Fifth Business, told in the form of a earn to the schoolmaster, begins with a snowball that young Percy Boyd Staunton throws at Ramsay. The match-in-a-snowball misses Ramsay but hits Mary Dempster, cause the premature birth of Paul Dempster. Paul grows up to be Magnus Eisengrim, a mysterious and graceful mag ician. Tormented by his guilt of avoiding the snowball, Ramsay makes Mary his ad hominem saint and is weighed down by his conscience until Marys ultimate death in an asylum. On the eve of becoming the lieutenant governor of Ontario, Boy Staunton is found dead in the Toronto harbour with the fateful stone in his mouth.Though the adventures that Dunstan embarks on in Fifth Business be that of the spiritual nature, make no mistake this is not a hugger-mugger novel that attempts to lure one into a religion, but a magnificently told tale of maturation. It is a story of revenge, of redemption, of becoming. Told from the perspective of being nearly completed, the novel follows Ramsay in his search for balance in his life and balance he does find when the grotesque yet intelligent Liesl seduces him. With depth and breadth of noesis in Jungian concepts, Robertson Davies draws us fathoms beneath the surface of the human personality. The auditory sense is not left grasping for breath, but is enraptured by the inscrutable dualism in this fantastical world of Dunstan Ramsay. Good and evil illusion and world history and myth the shadows and lights of the world are exposed and explored. These juxtaposing elements are neer revealed under a glaring light, however. Davies uses prose that is nothing short of elegant, and weaves a mythological tale that is imbued with much realism. Real-life incidents are transfused with many amazing coincidences, paving the roadway to surrealism.